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Introduction In Python,  classes  are the cornerstone of object-oriented programming (OOP). They allow developers to encapsulate data and functionality together, building reusable, modular, and maintainable codebases. In this guide, we will deeply explore Python classes — from basic syntax to advanced features — with fully working code examples, perfect for intermediate and advanced Python developers. What is a Python Class ? A  class  in Python is a blueprint for creating objects. It bundles data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the data into one single unit. Basic Structure of a Class class ClassName: def __init__(self, parameters): self.attribute = value def method(self, parameters): # method body pass __init__()  is a special method called the  constructor , automatically invoked when creating an instance. 'self'  refers to the instance itself and must always be the first parameter in instance m...

When learning Python, one of the most important concepts to understand is the difference between   mutable   and   immutable   data types. To explain this concept, I'm going to break it down   step-by-step   with examples and visuals! 1. What Do "Mutable" and "Immutable" Mean? Mutable  means: You can change the object after it’s created. Immutable  means: Once the object is created, it cannot be changed. Think of it like this: Type Real-life Analogy Mutable A whiteboard: you can erase and write again Immutable A printed photo: once printed, you can’t change it 2. Immutable Data Types in Python These are data types that  cannot be changed  after they are created. Examples of Immutable Types: int float bool str tuple frozenset Example 1: Integers (int) a = 5 print (id(a)) # memory address of a a = a + 1 print (a) # 6 print (id(a)) # different memory address! Even though just added 1 to a, Python  created a new object in memo...